MEDICAL STUDENTS: Ophthalmology Mnemonics

Behcet's Disease - ORAL UPSET

Occlusive periphlebitis
Retinitis
Anterior uveitis
Leakage from retinal vessels
Ulceration (aphthous/genital)
Pustules after skin trauma (Pathergy test)
Scratching leaves lines (dermatographism)
Erythema nodosum
Thrombophlebitis

Cherry red spot: Causes
"Quick Pick My Tea BAGS"
Quinine amblyopia
niemann Pick's disease
Multiple sulfatase deficiency, Metachromatic leucodystrophy
Tay sach's disease
Berlin's edema
CRAO
Gaucher's disease, Gangliosidosis

Sandhoff's disease, Sialidosis

causes of Choroidal neovascular membrane with- HAMMAR

HistoplasmosisARMDMultifocal ChoroiditisMyopiaAngiodRupture of the choroid

Posterior subcapsular cataract: Causes
"I Got A BSC"
Ionizing radiation
Glass blower's cataract
Atopic dermatitis
Busulfan
Steroids

Chloroquine

causes of trabecular pigmentation - PIGMENT

Pseudoexfoliation & Pigment dispersion syndromeIritisGlaucoma (Post angle closure Glaucoma)Melanosis of angle (oculodermal melanosis)Endocrine (Diabetes & Addison�s Syndrome)Naevus (Cogan-reese syndrome)Trauma

sterilization in ophthalmology - ABCDEFG

AUTOCLAVEBOILINGCHEMICALS like Alcohol (Rectified spirit), Isopropyl alcohol/CIDEX: 2% GlutaraldehydeDRY HEAT temperature of 150�C is used for 90 minutesETHYLENE OXIDE for sterilization of IOL etc.FUMIGATION of operation theatre/ FORMALIN vapourGAMMA-IRRADIATION: Gamma rays from Cobalt-60

refractive indices of ocular media -8303 (from anterior to posterior)

cornea 1.38
aq humour 1.33
lens 1.40
vit humour 1.33

"DWARF" for Nystagmus

Direction=plane of movement-horizontal,vertical

Waveform= Pendular or Jerky

Amplitude= fine or coarse

Rest=At primary position or gaze evolked

Frequency= How often the eye moves

characteristics of Perinaud's Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome - "CLUES"

Convergence retraction nystagmus

Lightnear Dissociation

Upgaze paralysis

Eyelid retraction

Skew deviation

ocular features of acromegaly - ACROM

Angiod streaks

Chiasmal syndrome

Retinopathy

Optic atrophy,papilloedema

Muscle enlargement

systemic features of Marfan syndrome - MARFANS

Mitral prolapse

Aortic dissection

Regurgitant aortic valve

Fingers long (arachnodactyly)

Arm span>height

Nasal voice (high arched palate)

Sternal excavation

ocular features of Marfan�s syndrome - CLUMPS

Cupping (glaucoma)

Lattice

Upward lens subluxation

Myopia

Cornea Plana

Sclera blue

types of colour blindness- TuB PaR DoG

TRITOANOPES = BLUE

PROTOANOPES = RED

DEUTROANOPES= GREEN

Remember the causes of lid retraction with 4 MP

4M= Myasthenia Gravis,Marcus Gunn jaw winkling syndrome,Myotonic causes like dystrophica myotonica.Metabolic cuses like uraemia,cirrhosis

4P=Perinauds syndrome,Parkinson's Disease/Progressive supranuclear palsy,Ptosis of other eye,Palsy (aberrant III crnaial nerve regeneration)

content and veins draining the Cavernous Sinus - Rule of 3

3 Afferent veins: Sphenoparietal sinus (Vault veins), Supf Middle cerebral Vein (Brain), Ophthalmic vein (Orbit)3 Efferent Veins: Superior petrosal sinus, Inferior Petrosal Sinus, Communicating vein to pterygoid plexus3 Contents; Cranial Nerves (III,IV, V1,V2 & VI)3 Areas Drain into it: Vault Bones, Brain (Cerebral Hemisphere), Orbit3 Nerves: Motor(III,IV,VI),Sensory (V1,V2), Sympathetic

causes of pseudo tumor cerebri - " Idiopathic IDEA"

Idiopathic

Infections-Otitis media,mastoiditis,viral infections etc

Drugs-Steroid withdrawl,Vitamin A intoxication,Nalidixic acid,amidarone,cyclosporin,minocycline

Endocrine-obese,amennorrheic woman of child bearing age, Hypoparathyroidism

Anaemia

causes of downbeat nystagmus -DoWNBEAT

Degeneration,Demyelination or Drugs (Lithium)

Wernicke's Encephalopathy

Neoplasm or paraneoplastic cerebeller degeneration

Brainstem disease (Syringomyelia)

Encephalitis

Arnold-Chiari malformation

Trauma or Toxin

angle structures - "I Can See Till Schwalbe's Line"

Iris root

Cilliary Body

Scleral spur

Trabecular Meshwork

Schwalbe's Line

ocular structures derived from neuroectoderm - MORE

Muscles of pupilOptic NerveRetina (with RPE)Epithelium of IrisEpithelium of Cilliary Body

structures derived from surface ectoderm - S1L2E3

Skin of Eyelids and its derivatives viz. cilia, tarsal glands, conjunctival glandLens,
Lacrimal Gland,Epithelium of Conjunctiva,Epithelium of Cornea,Epithelium of lacrimal passage

Stromal dystrophies - Marilyn Monroe Always Gets Her Man in LA City.

Macular dystrophyMucopolysaccharideAlcian blue
Granular DystrophyHyaline materialMasson's Trichrome
Lattice DystrophyAmyloidCongo Red

drugs causing cataract -ABCD

Amiodarone
Busulphan
Chlorpromazine
Dexamethasone

causes of Uniocular diplopia - ABCD

AstigmatismBehavioral: psychogenicCataractDislocated lens

microtropia- 3 A

Anisometropia

Angle small

Absent central field (Central suppression scotoma)

congenital nystagmus - CONGENITAL

Convergence & eye closure dampens

Oscillopsia absent

Null zone that is present,increases foveation time which results in increased acuity

Gaze poisition doesnot change the horizontal direction of nystagmus

Equal amplitude and frequency in each eye

Near acuity is good

Inversion of optokinetic response

Turning of head to acheive null point

Abolishes in sleep

Latent (occlusion) nystagmus occurs

posterior scleritis -POST SCLER

Proptosis
Ophthalmoplegia
Swelling of disc
Thickening of sclera (US/CT) & T sign (fluid in sub-Tenon�s space)
Subretinal exudates
Choroidal foLds
Exudative RD
Ring choroidal detachment

Keratoconus - CONES

Central scarring & Fleischer ring
Oil drop reflex / Oedema (hydrops)
Nerves prominent
Excessive bulging of lower lid on downgaze (Munson�s sign)
Striae (Vogt�s)

Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome -ICE

Iris NaevusChandler SyndromeEssential Iris Atrophy

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