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Functions of Glutathione
"T. M.E.D.I.C.S"
Transport of amino acids
Methemoglobin reduction
Erythrocyte homeostasis (inactivation of free radicals inside RBC)
Detoxification of organophosphorus, halogenated or nitrogenous compounds
Insulin Inactivation
Coenzyme in Reduction reactions
Scavanger of toxic substances
Essential amino acids PVT. TIM HALL:
Phe
Val
Thr
Trp
Ile
Met
His
Arg
Leu
Lys
� Pvt. is short for Private in the military.
� Arg and His are considered semiessential.
� Alternatively: "MATT VIL PHLy".
Catabolism steps of branched chain amino acids "Truck
hit the Ox to Death":
Transamination
Oxidative decarboxylation
Dehydrogenation
Fasting state: branched-chain amino acids used by skeletal muscles
"Muscles LIVe fast":
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Essential amino acids PVT. TIM HALL:
Phe
Val
Thr
Trp
Ile
Met
His
Arg
Leu
Lys
� Pvt. is short for Private in the military.
� Arg and His are considered semiessential.
� Alternatively: "MATT VIL PHLy".
Catabolism steps of branched chain amino acids "Truck
hit the Ox to Death":
Transamination
Oxidative decarboxylation
Dehydrogenation
Fasting state: branched-chain amino acids used by skeletal muscles
"Muscles LIVe fast":
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Creatine phosphate: amino acid precursors "Nice GAMs!":
Glycine
Arginine
Methionine
� Gam is slang for a person's leg, especiallay an attractive female's leg: "Nice
gams = nice legs!"
TCA cycle substrates
"Citrate Is Krebs' Starting Substrate For Making Oxaloacetate"
Citrate, Isocitrate, alpha-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl-CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate
Trinucleotide repeat disorders"Try hunting for my fried eggs"
Trinucleotide:
Huntington's (CAG)
MyoTonic dystrophy (CTG)
Friedrich's Ataxia (GAA)
fraGile X syndrome (CGG)
Start and stop codonsAUG inAUGurates transcription
UGA = U Go Away
UAA = U Are Away
UAG = U Are Gone
Fabry disease: presentation FABRY:
Ferile episodes
Angiokeratomas/ Alpha galactosidase A deficiency
Burning pain
Renal failure
Youth death
Ferile episodes
Angiokeratomas/ Alpha galactosidase A deficiency
Burning pain
Renal failure
Youth death
Glycolysis enzymes "High Profile People
Act Too Glamorous, Picture Posing Every
Place":
Hexokinase
Phosphoglucose isomerase
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
Aldase A
Triose phosphate isomerase
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate mutase
Enolase
Pyruvate kinase
Act Too Glamorous, Picture Posing Every
Place":
Hexokinase
Phosphoglucose isomerase
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
Aldase A
Triose phosphate isomerase
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate mutase
Enolase
Pyruvate kinase
Porphyrias: acute intermittent porphyria symptoms 5 P's:
Pain in abdomen
Polyneuropathy
Psychologial abnormalities
Pink urine
Precipitated by drugs (eg barbiturates, oral contraceptives, sulpha
drugs)
Pain in abdomen
Polyneuropathy
Psychologial abnormalities
Pink urine
Precipitated by drugs (eg barbiturates, oral contraceptives, sulpha
drugs)
BUN:creatinine elevation: causes ABCD:
Azotremia (pre-renal)
Bleeding (GI)
Catabolic status
Diet (high protein parenteral nutrition)
Azotremia (pre-renal)
Bleeding (GI)
Catabolic status
Diet (high protein parenteral nutrition)
G6PD: oxidant drugs inducing hemolytic anemia AAA:
Antibiotic (eg: sufamethoxazole)
Antimalarial (eg: primaquine)
Antipyretics (eg: acetanilid, but not aspirin or acetaminophen)
Antibiotic (eg: sufamethoxazole)
Antimalarial (eg: primaquine)
Antipyretics (eg: acetanilid, but not aspirin or acetaminophen)
Vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid) deficiency: pellagra The
3 D's of pellagra:
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
� Note vitamin B3 is the 3D's.
3 D's of pellagra:
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
� Note vitamin B3 is the 3D's.
Glycogen storage: Anderson's (IV) vs. Cori's (III) enzyme defect
ABCD:
Anderson's=Branching enzyme.
Cori's=Debranching enzyme.
� Otherwise, can't really distinguish clinically.
ABCD:
Anderson's=Branching enzyme.
Cori's=Debranching enzyme.
� Otherwise, can't really distinguish clinically.
Benzene ring: effects of substituents on further additions
"Benzene likes to ROMP. We HOPED she's be safe, but now she's
knocked up. ADOPt or WEDD'M?":
ROMP: Substituents in order: R-group, Ortho, Meta,
Para.
HOPED: Halogens are Ortho, Para, Electron
withdrawing, Deactivating.
ADOPt: Addititive substituents Direct Ortho & Para.
WEDD'M: Withdrawing Electrons Deactivates, Directs
Meta.
"Benzene likes to ROMP. We HOPED she's be safe, but now she's
knocked up. ADOPt or WEDD'M?":
ROMP: Substituents in order: R-group, Ortho, Meta,
Para.
HOPED: Halogens are Ortho, Para, Electron
withdrawing, Deactivating.
ADOPt: Addititive substituents Direct Ortho & Para.
WEDD'M: Withdrawing Electrons Deactivates, Directs
Meta.
Cathode: what happens during electrolysis Current
Carries Cations to the Cathode for reduCtion.
Carries Cations to the Cathode for reduCtion.
Cis/trans (geometric) isomer nomenclature The letter "Z" is
written in a zigzag way. If you draw a vertical line splitting it down the
middle then its the same halves (same sides of double bond). The letter "E" is
written differently so a vertical line splits it into different halves
(different sides of double bond).
written in a zigzag way. If you draw a vertical line splitting it down the
middle then its the same halves (same sides of double bond). The letter "E" is
written differently so a vertical line splits it into different halves
(different sides of double bond).
Cis/trans (geometric) isomers: arrangement of functional groups
Cis starts with a C and the functional groups form a C.
Trans, therefore is the other one by default.
Cis starts with a C and the functional groups form a C.
Trans, therefore is the other one by default.
Pompe's disease: type "Police = Po + lys":
Pompe's disease is a lysosomal storage disease (alpha 1,4
glucosidase).
Pompe's disease is a lysosomal storage disease (alpha 1,4
glucosidase).
Golgi complex: functions "Golgi Distributes A SPAM":
Distributes proteins and lipids from ER
Add mannose onto specific lysosome proteins
Sulfation of sugars and slected tyrosine
Proteoglycan assembly
Add O-oligosugars to serine and threnonine
Modify N-ologosugars on asparagine
Distributes proteins and lipids from ER
Add mannose onto specific lysosome proteins
Sulfation of sugars and slected tyrosine
Proteoglycan assembly
Add O-oligosugars to serine and threnonine
Modify N-ologosugars on asparagine
Dicarboxylic acids (alpha, omega) C2 through C10: common names
"Oh My, Such Good Apple Pie, Sweet
As Sugar!":
Oxalic
Malonic
Succinic
Glutaric
Adipic
Pimelic
Suberic
Azelaic
Sebacic
"Oh My, Such Good Apple Pie, Sweet
As Sugar!":
Oxalic
Malonic
Succinic
Glutaric
Adipic
Pimelic
Suberic
Azelaic
Sebacic
Phosphorylation cascade: action during low glucose "In the
Phasted State, Phosphorylate":
The phosphorylation cascade becomes active when blood glucose is low.
Phasted State, Phosphorylate":
The phosphorylation cascade becomes active when blood glucose is low.
tRNA: molecular shape Fortunately, tRNA (Transfer
RNA) is shaped like a capital T.
RNA) is shaped like a capital T.
Vitamins: which are fat soluble KADE:
Vitamin K
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Na/K pump: concentrations of Na vs. K on inside/outside of cell, pump
action, number of molecules moved HIKIN':
There is a HIgh K concentration INside the cell.
From this can deduce that the Na/K pump pumps K into cell and Na out of cell.
Alternatively: When I was learning this pump (circa 1992), a band that was "in"
was Kris Kross, and a band that was "out" was "Sha Na Na
Na":
So pump moves K K (2 K) in and Na Na Na (3 Na) out.
� Sadly, as infectious as their debut album was, Kris Kross can really no longer
be classed as "in".
action, number of molecules moved HIKIN':
There is a HIgh K concentration INside the cell.
From this can deduce that the Na/K pump pumps K into cell and Na out of cell.
Alternatively: When I was learning this pump (circa 1992), a band that was "in"
was Kris Kross, and a band that was "out" was "Sha Na Na
Na":
So pump moves K K (2 K) in and Na Na Na (3 Na) out.
� Sadly, as infectious as their debut album was, Kris Kross can really no longer
be classed as "in".
Insulin: function INsulIN stimulates 2
things to go
IN 2cells: Potassium and Glucose.
things to go
IN 2cells: Potassium and Glucose.
Glycolysis steps "Goodness Gracious, Father
Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins
(to) Prepare Pies":
Glucose
Glucose-6-P
Fructose-6-P
Fructose-1,6-diP
Dihydroxyacetone-P
Glyceraldehyde-P
1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate (to)
Phosphoenolpyruvate [PEP]
Pyruvate
� 'Did', 'By' and 'Pies' tell you the first part of those three: di-, bi-, and
py-.
� 'PrEPare' tells location of PEP in the process.
Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins
(to) Prepare Pies":
Glucose
Glucose-6-P
Fructose-6-P
Fructose-1,6-diP
Dihydroxyacetone-P
Glyceraldehyde-P
1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate (to)
Phosphoenolpyruvate [PEP]
Pyruvate
� 'Did', 'By' and 'Pies' tell you the first part of those three: di-, bi-, and
py-.
� 'PrEPare' tells location of PEP in the process.
Citric acid cycle compounds "Oh Citric Acid
Is Of (course) A SiLly STupid Funny
Molecule":
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Aconitate
Isocitrate
Oxalosuccinate
Alpha-ketoglutarate
SuccinyL-CoA
SuccinaTe
Fumarate
Malate
� SilLy and sTupid used to differentiate succinyL and succinaTe
Is Of (course) A SiLly STupid Funny
Molecule":
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Aconitate
Isocitrate
Oxalosuccinate
Alpha-ketoglutarate
SuccinyL-CoA
SuccinaTe
Fumarate
Malate
� SilLy and sTupid used to differentiate succinyL and succinaTe
Essential amino acids "PVT. TIM HALL always argues,
never tires":
Phe
Val
Thr
Trp
Ile
Met
His
Arg
Lue
Lys
� Always argues: the A is for Arg, not Asp.
� 'Never tires': T is not Tyr, but is both Thr and Trp.
never tires":
Phe
Val
Thr
Trp
Ile
Met
His
Arg
Lue
Lys
� Always argues: the A is for Arg, not Asp.
� 'Never tires': T is not Tyr, but is both Thr and Trp.
Orbital names before alphabetical order begins "Sober
People Don't Find Good In Killing":
Orbital names for electrons are S,P,D,F,G,I,K.
After that, alphabetical order begins.
People Don't Find Good In Killing":
Orbital names for electrons are S,P,D,F,G,I,K.
After that, alphabetical order begins.
Oxidation vs. reduction: electron gain/loss "LEO the
lion says GER":
Lose Electrons = Oxidation.
Gain Electrons = Reduction.
lion says GER":
Lose Electrons = Oxidation.
Gain Electrons = Reduction.
Benzene ring: order of substituents Meta: the two
sticks representing functional groups make a capital letter M with the
ring.
Otho: can close the top of the functional groups and make a boxy capital
letter O.
sticks representing functional groups make a capital letter M with the
ring.
Otho: can close the top of the functional groups and make a boxy capital
letter O.
Cis/trans (geometric) isomer nomenclature "Zame Zide.
Epposite.":
Z is the 2 functional groups on the same side of double bond.
E is for opposite sides.
Epposite.":
Z is the 2 functional groups on the same side of double bond.
E is for opposite sides.
Oxidation vs. reduction: electron gain/loss OIL RIG:
Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons).
Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).
Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons).
Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).
Cation vs. anion: positive vs. negative The t in cation
looks like a plus sign: "ca+ion".
Cation is positive, anion is negative.
looks like a plus sign: "ca+ion".
Cation is positive, anion is negative.
Oxidation vs. reduction: electrochemical cell and electron gain/loss
AN OIL RIG CAT:
At the ANode, Oxidation Involves Loss of electrons.
Reduction Involves Gaining electrons at the CAThode.
AN OIL RIG CAT:
At the ANode, Oxidation Involves Loss of electrons.
Reduction Involves Gaining electrons at the CAThode.
Gibb's free energy formula "Good Honey Tastes
Sweet":
(delta)G = H - T(delta)S
Sweet":
(delta)G = H - T(delta)S
Anion vs. cation charge ANion is A Negative
ion.
ion.
Benzene ring: order of substituents "Benzene likes to
ROMP":
� From R group moving around the ring:
R group
Ortho
Meta
Para
ROMP":
� From R group moving around the ring:
R group
Ortho
Meta
Para
B vitamin names "The Rhythm Nearly Proved
Contagious":
� In increasing order:
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Cobalamin (B12)
Contagious":
� In increasing order:
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Cobalamin (B12)
Hunter's syndrome
"Hunter's are aggressive, clear-sighted, and shoot for the X"
Mild Hurler's syndrome (gargoylism, developmental delay, airway obstruction) with aggressive behavior and without corneal clouding; XLR Deficiency in Iduronate sulfatase
Testosterone conversion to DiHydroTestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone is an active form of testosterone. Its conversion needs an
enzyme :
Five
Alpha
Reductase
� This reaction occurs in the peripheral ("FAR") tissue such as adipose
tissue.
Dihydrotestosterone is an active form of testosterone. Its conversion needs an
enzyme :
Five
Alpha
Reductase
� This reaction occurs in the peripheral ("FAR") tissue such as adipose
tissue.
DKA: signs DKA:
Dehydrated
Ketones/ Kussmaul breathing/ K drops
Acidosis
Dehydrated
Ketones/ Kussmaul breathing/ K drops
Acidosis
Amino acids: properties � Sung to the Beverly Hillbillies
melody:
Come an' listen to my story about the a-mi-nos
Five Al-i-phats kick off our show
Glycine, Alanine, Valine and then
Leucine and Iso make up half of ten
Well the next thing you know are three aromats
phenylalanine(F) is right off the bat
tYrosine has alcohol next to its ring
And tryptophan(W) has indole double ring thing.
Sulfur in Cysteine; it loves to bond
Sulfur Methionine is much more a snob
Alcoholic Serine, well wouldn't you know,
And Threonine's OH gives a warm glow.
Acid-aspartic(D) and glutamic(E) are ionized
With pK of 4, their protons are lysed,
asparagine(N) and glutamine(Q) play a different role
With amides they're neutral but they both have poles
lysine(K) and aRginine are the basic kind,
But Histidine's imidazole can't make up its mind,
Proline, the last one, coming at the end
It's imine, an oddball, proteins use to bend.
melody:
Come an' listen to my story about the a-mi-nos
Five Al-i-phats kick off our show
Glycine, Alanine, Valine and then
Leucine and Iso make up half of ten
Well the next thing you know are three aromats
phenylalanine(F) is right off the bat
tYrosine has alcohol next to its ring
And tryptophan(W) has indole double ring thing.
Sulfur in Cysteine; it loves to bond
Sulfur Methionine is much more a snob
Alcoholic Serine, well wouldn't you know,
And Threonine's OH gives a warm glow.
Acid-aspartic(D) and glutamic(E) are ionized
With pK of 4, their protons are lysed,
asparagine(N) and glutamine(Q) play a different role
With amides they're neutral but they both have poles
lysine(K) and aRginine are the basic kind,
But Histidine's imidazole can't make up its mind,
Proline, the last one, coming at the end
It's imine, an oddball, proteins use to bend.
Phenylketonuria: which enzyme is deficient PHenylketonuria
is caused by a deficiency of:
Phenylalanine
Hydroxylase
is caused by a deficiency of:
Phenylalanine
Hydroxylase
Malate-aspartate shuttle "MAD commute":
Malate in.
Alpha-ketoglutarate and D(Aspartate) out.
Malate in.
Alpha-ketoglutarate and D(Aspartate) out.
DNA bond strength (nucleotides) "Crazy Glue":
Strongest bonds are between Cytosine and Guanine, strong like Crazy
Glue (3 H-bonds), whereas the A=T only have 2 H-bonds.
� This is relevant to DNA replication, as the weaker A=T will be the site where
RNA primer makes the initial break.
Strongest bonds are between Cytosine and Guanine, strong like Crazy
Glue (3 H-bonds), whereas the A=T only have 2 H-bonds.
� This is relevant to DNA replication, as the weaker A=T will be the site where
RNA primer makes the initial break.
Enzyme kinetics: competitive vs. non-competitive inhibition
With Kompetitive inhibition: Km increases; no change in Vmax.
With Non-kompetitive inhibition: No change in Km;
Vmax decreases.
With Kompetitive inhibition: Km increases; no change in Vmax.
With Non-kompetitive inhibition: No change in Km;
Vmax decreases.
Sickle cell anemia: mutation "HbS isn't Very
Good":
At Sixth position of HB beta chain, Valine is present instead of
Glutamic acid.
Good":
At Sixth position of HB beta chain, Valine is present instead of
Glutamic acid.
Hyperglycemia: 3 classic signs and symptoms DKA:
Dehydrated
Ketoacidosis
Acetone breath
Dehydrated
Ketoacidosis
Acetone breath
Vitamins: which are fat soluble "The FAT cat is in
the ADEK (attic)":
Fat soluble vitamins are A,D,E,K.
the ADEK (attic)":
Fat soluble vitamins are A,D,E,K.
Citric acid cycle compounds "Oh! Can I
Keep Some Succinate For Myself?":
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Isocitrate
Ketoglutarate
Succinyl coA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Keep Some Succinate For Myself?":
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Isocitrate
Ketoglutarate
Succinyl coA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Na/K pump action (Sing loudly to the chorus of "Kiss Him
Goodbye"): "Na, Na, Na -- out! Na, Na,
Na -- out! K, K goes...inside!"
Action of pump is 3 Na out and 2 K in
Goodbye"): "Na, Na, Na -- out! Na, Na,
Na -- out! K, K goes...inside!"
Action of pump is 3 Na out and 2 K in
AcetylCoA and acetacetylCoA: amino acids forming them "A
Lighter Lease" (A LyTr LeIs):
A=AcetylCoA or Acetoacetyl CoA
Ly=Lysine
Tr=Tryptophan
Le=Leucine
Is=Isoleucine
Lighter Lease" (A LyTr LeIs):
A=AcetylCoA or Acetoacetyl CoA
Ly=Lysine
Tr=Tryptophan
Le=Leucine
Is=Isoleucine
Van den Bergh reaction (Jaundice test) "Indirect
reacting bilirubin = Unconjugated bilirubin":
Both start with vowels, so they go together: Indirect & Unconjugated.
reacting bilirubin = Unconjugated bilirubin":
Both start with vowels, so they go together: Indirect & Unconjugated.
Type 1 glycogen storage disease Type 1 = one (Von),
ie Von Giereke's disease
ie Von Giereke's disease
Enzymes: competitive inhibitors "Competition is hard
because we have to travel more kilometers (Km) with the same velocity":
With competitive inhibitors, velocity remains same but Km
increases
because we have to travel more kilometers (Km) with the same velocity":
With competitive inhibitors, velocity remains same but Km
increases
Fabry's disease FABRY'S:
Foam cells found in glomeruli and tubules/ Febrile episodes
Alpha galactosidase A deficiency/ Angiokeratomas
Burning pain in extremities/ BUN increased in serum/ Boys
Renal failure
YX genotype (male, X linked recessive)
Sphingolipidoses
Foam cells found in glomeruli and tubules/ Febrile episodes
Alpha galactosidase A deficiency/ Angiokeratomas
Burning pain in extremities/ BUN increased in serum/ Boys
Renal failure
YX genotype (male, X linked recessive)
Sphingolipidoses
Collagen concisely covered COLLAGEN:
C-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Covalent Cross links/
C vitamin/ Connective tissue/ Cartilage/ Chondroblasts/
Copper Cofactor (Covalent Cross linking)
Outside the cell is where collagen normally functions/ Osteoblasts/
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Lysyl hydroxylase/ Lysyl oxidase (oxidatively deaminates lysyl and
hydroxylysyl residues to form collagen cross links, last biosynthesis step)
Long triple helical fibers/ Ligaments
Alpha chains/ Attached by H bonds form triple helix/ Ascorbate
for hydroxylation of lysyl and prolyl residues of pro-Alpha chains (postranslational
modification)
Gly in every third position/ Glycosylation of hydroxyl group of
hydroxylysine with Glucose and Galactose; GOlgi allows
procollagen to GO outside of cell
Extracellular matrix/ Eye (cornea, sclera)/ Ehlers-Danlos
Syndrome
N-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Nonhelical terminal
extensions
� Note: Procollagen LEAVEs the cell to be cLEAVEd by procollagen peptidases
C-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Covalent Cross links/
C vitamin/ Connective tissue/ Cartilage/ Chondroblasts/
Copper Cofactor (Covalent Cross linking)
Outside the cell is where collagen normally functions/ Osteoblasts/
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Lysyl hydroxylase/ Lysyl oxidase (oxidatively deaminates lysyl and
hydroxylysyl residues to form collagen cross links, last biosynthesis step)
Long triple helical fibers/ Ligaments
Alpha chains/ Attached by H bonds form triple helix/ Ascorbate
for hydroxylation of lysyl and prolyl residues of pro-Alpha chains (postranslational
modification)
Gly in every third position/ Glycosylation of hydroxyl group of
hydroxylysine with Glucose and Galactose; GOlgi allows
procollagen to GO outside of cell
Extracellular matrix/ Eye (cornea, sclera)/ Ehlers-Danlos
Syndrome
N-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Nonhelical terminal
extensions
� Note: Procollagen LEAVEs the cell to be cLEAVEd by procollagen peptidases
Metabolism sites "Use both arms to HUG":
Heme synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis
� These reactions occur in bothcytoplasm and mitochondria.
Heme synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis
� These reactions occur in bothcytoplasm and mitochondria.
Mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) properties "mt DNA".
mt stands for:
Maternal Transfer
Mutates Tremendously (high mutation rate)
mt stands for:
Maternal Transfer
Mutates Tremendously (high mutation rate)
Carbon monoxide: electron transport chain target "CO blocks
CO":
Carbon monoxide (CO) blocks Cytochrome Oxidase (CO)
CO":
Carbon monoxide (CO) blocks Cytochrome Oxidase (CO)
Electron transport chain: Rotenone's site of action Rotenone
is a site specific inhibitor of complex one.
is a site specific inhibitor of complex one.
Adrenaline mechanism "ABC of Adrenaline":
Adrenaline--> activates Beta receptors--> increases Cyclic
AMP
Adrenaline--> activates Beta receptors--> increases Cyclic
AMP
Citric acid cycle compounds "Can I Keep
Selling Sex For Money, Officer?":
Citrate
Isocitrate
alpha Ketogluterate
Succinyl CoA
Succinate
Fumerate
Malate
Oxaloacetate
Selling Sex For Money, Officer?":
Citrate
Isocitrate
alpha Ketogluterate
Succinyl CoA
Succinate
Fumerate
Malate
Oxaloacetate
Sickle cell disease pathophysiology SICKle cell
disease is due to a Substitution of the SICKsth amino acid of the
B chain.
disease is due to a Substitution of the SICKsth amino acid of the
B chain.
Glucagon function "Mr. Gluca has Gone to the
cAMP to bring out some Glucose":
� Glucagon elevates glucose by cAMP mechanism.
cAMP to bring out some Glucose":
� Glucagon elevates glucose by cAMP mechanism.
Acids: Lewis acid vs. Bronsted acid BAD LATE:
BAD: Bronsted Acid Donates hydrogens
LATE: Lewis Acid Takes Electrons
BAD: Bronsted Acid Donates hydrogens
LATE: Lewis Acid Takes Electrons
Tangier's disease: hallmark "Tangierene tonsils":
Hallmark is large orange tonsils.
� Important clinical note: there is no increased risk of atherosclerosis,
just like eating tangerenes.
Hallmark is large orange tonsils.
� Important clinical note: there is no increased risk of atherosclerosis,
just like eating tangerenes.
Na+/K+ pump: movement of ions and quantity K+ and
in each consist of 2 characters, so so 2 K+ are pumped in.
Na+ and out each consist of 3 characters, so 3 Na+ are
pumped out.
in each consist of 2 characters, so so 2 K+ are pumped in.
Na+ and out each consist of 3 characters, so 3 Na+ are
pumped out.
Hemoglobin binding curve: causes of shift to right "CADET,
face right!":
CO2
Acid
2,3-DPG (aka 2,3 BPG)
Exercise
Temperature
face right!":
CO2
Acid
2,3-DPG (aka 2,3 BPG)
Exercise
Temperature
Coagulation common pathway: factors in order 10 + 5 - 2 =
13
Coagulation common pathway:
Factor X to Factor V to Factor II to Factor XIII
13
Coagulation common pathway:
Factor X to Factor V to Factor II to Factor XIII
Vitamin K dependent cofactors "Several Tend
To Nicely Stop Clots":
Factor Seven, Ten, Two, Nine.
Protein S, Protein C.
To Nicely Stop Clots":
Factor Seven, Ten, Two, Nine.
Protein S, Protein C.
G protein type for respective receptors "KISS and
KICK till you're SICK of SEX" (QISS and QIQ till you're SIQ of
SQS):
� This gives the G-protein type (Gq, Gi, or Gs) for all the
receptors. Receptors are in alphabetical order:
alpha1=Q
alpha2=I
beta1=S
beta3=S
M1=Q
M2=I
M3=Q
D1=S
D2=I
H1=Q
H2=S
V1=Q
V2=S
KICK till you're SICK of SEX" (QISS and QIQ till you're SIQ of
SQS):
� This gives the G-protein type (Gq, Gi, or Gs) for all the
receptors. Receptors are in alphabetical order:
alpha1=Q
alpha2=I
beta1=S
beta3=S
M1=Q
M2=I
M3=Q
D1=S
D2=I
H1=Q
H2=S
V1=Q
V2=S
Folate deficiency: causes A FOLIC DROP:
Alcoholism
Folic acid antagonists
Oral contraceptives
Low dietary intake
Infection with Giardia
Celiac sprue
Dilatin
Relative folate deficiency
Old
Pregnant
Alcoholism
Folic acid antagonists
Oral contraceptives
Low dietary intake
Infection with Giardia
Celiac sprue
Dilatin
Relative folate deficiency
Old
Pregnant
Niacin deficiency: signs and symptoms The famous 4 D's:
Diarrhoea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death (if untreated)
Diarrhoea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death (if untreated)
Citric acid cycle compounds "Our City Is
Kept Safe And Sound From Malice":
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Isocitrate
alpha-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Kept Safe And Sound From Malice":
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Isocitrate
alpha-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Galactosaemia: enzyme deficiency GALIPUT:
Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase.
� There is an assay called the Galiput test for this.
Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase.
� There is an assay called the Galiput test for this.
Metabolic acidosis (normal anion-gap): causes � With
hyperkalemia: RAISE K+:
RTA type 4
Aldosterone or mineralocorticord deficiency
Iatrogenic: NH4Cl, HCl
"Stenosis": obstructive uropathy
Early uremia
� With hypokalemia: ReDUCE K+:
Renal TA type 1 and 2
Diarrhoea
Urine diversion into gut
Carbonate anhydrase inhibitor
Ex-hyperventilation
hyperkalemia: RAISE K+:
RTA type 4
Aldosterone or mineralocorticord deficiency
Iatrogenic: NH4Cl, HCl
"Stenosis": obstructive uropathy
Early uremia
� With hypokalemia: ReDUCE K+:
Renal TA type 1 and 2
Diarrhoea
Urine diversion into gut
Carbonate anhydrase inhibitor
Ex-hyperventilation
Nitric oxide: amino acid precursor When the dentist works on
your teeth, you say, "AAArg! (Arginine)" before he administers Nitric
Oxide (NO) to take the pain away.
� Other players necessary for NO synthesis: NO synthase, Ca++, NADPH.
your teeth, you say, "AAArg! (Arginine)" before he administers Nitric
Oxide (NO) to take the pain away.
� Other players necessary for NO synthesis: NO synthase, Ca++, NADPH.
Heme synthesis: amino acid precursors to basic unit of porphyrins,
heme (pyrrole ring) "Dracula wants to Suck a Co-ed's
blood [think heme] with his Glystening teeth!":
Succinyl CoA and Glycine are precursor amino acids to pyrrole
rings, which is the basic unit of porphyrins and heme.
heme (pyrrole ring) "Dracula wants to Suck a Co-ed's
blood [think heme] with his Glystening teeth!":
Succinyl CoA and Glycine are precursor amino acids to pyrrole
rings, which is the basic unit of porphyrins and heme.
Enzymes: classification "Over The HILL":
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lyases
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lyases
Infantile Beriberi symptoms Restlessness
Sleeplessness
Breathlessness
Soundlessness (aphonia)
Eatlessness (anorexia)
Great heartedness (dilated heart)
� Alternatively: Get 5 of 'em with BERI: Breathless/ Big
hearted, Eatless, Restless, Insomnia.
Sleeplessness
Breathlessness
Soundlessness (aphonia)
Eatlessness (anorexia)
Great heartedness (dilated heart)
� Alternatively: Get 5 of 'em with BERI: Breathless/ Big
hearted, Eatless, Restless, Insomnia.
Hypervitaminosis A: signs and symptoms "Increased Vitamin A
makes you HARD":
Headache/ Hepatomegaly
Anorexia/ Alopecia
Really painful bones
Dry skin/ Drowsiness
makes you HARD":
Headache/ Hepatomegaly
Anorexia/ Alopecia
Really painful bones
Dry skin/ Drowsiness
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